Custom paper writing service: May 2020

Friday, May 29, 2020

Analogy As Part Of An Apology English, Literature And Philosophy - 275 Words

Analogy As Part Of An Apology: English, Literature And Philosophy (Essay Sample) Content: NAME: SUBJECT: ENGLISH, LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY TOPIC: ANALOGY AS PART OF AN APOLOGY TUTOR: DATE OF ISSUE: The word analogy is a commonly used word with its basic meaning; creating a scenario to help elaborate or explain a phenomena either on grounds of comparison or contrast. According to the Oxford Dictionary, an analogy is defined as a relationship of resemblance or equivalence between two situations, people or objects especially used as a basis of explanation or extrapolation. Analogy as an integral part of an apology is core. In many instances, confessing you hurt someone in itself is not enough. More often we lay emphasis on saying we are sorry and tend to forget that we need to do more than making a confession that we hurt someone deliberately or unintentionally through our actions or behaviors. According to research conducted by Philosophers and psychologists, sincerity and non reactivity when giving an apology is key, what they termed as a critical ingredient of an apology. Sincerity is expounded as the heart-felt apology that which is manufactured by self conviction. Non reactivity on the other hand is the art of being patient with the hurt person and avoiding defense. The two when utilized together were seen to be central in making an effective apology. According to Aaron Lazare, an apology has several components that if used together in whatever order they will appear, can lead to a success in filing an apology. First, there is the art of accepting the fault; explaining what the fault was; recognizing the effect of the fault; explaining your behavior; giving assurance that the mistake will never repeat itself and lastly making up for the fault. In owning up the fault, it is expected you confess that you are sorry and that you apologize deeply for your fault because you noticed your deliberate or unintentional behavior or actions hurt him/her. The basic principle in this initial step is accepting that a wrong doing was realized and that it was received negatively by the person it was directed to. Secondly, it is important to go beyond saying you are sorry to explaining your fault. It is important to dig into specifics of what exactly the actions or behaviors were that got the other person pissed off. For instance, one would say, I am sorry I insulted you as silly and narrow minded. It would be wrong to say, I am sorry I called you names. Research indicates that there is power in digging details when making an apology as it reflects how deep and certain you are with your mistake, easing up the offended person making it easy to forgive. In addition, it is important to recognize the effect your actions caused on the other person. This appears so difficult, but it is very important as it demonstrate how much you understand the impact of your behavior. For instance one would say, I am sorry I spoiled your evening and embarrassed you before your friends when I called you silly and narrow minded. Furthermore, giving an explanation for your behavior is equally significant. The Ã¢â‚¬Å"whyÃ¢â‚¬ bit of the behavior or action is key. Many take it so light and see no need to give explanations giving justifications of Ã¢â‚¬Å"more so they will not understandÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"I owe no one an explanationÃ¢â‚¬ . In our case for instance, one would say, I felt you were talking about me with Kim when you were pointing towards my direction that made me mad to insult you. Many confuse this with defense which it is not. Moreover, it is central to confess the mistake will not repeat itself. It should come out clearly why the mistake wil...

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

New Questions About Essay Writer Service Reddit Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Essay Writer Service Reddit Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report The Basic Facts of Essay Writer Service Reddit Thus, there's not amazing that Reddit got well known in the matter of custom composition. In case you're discontent with the standard of the exposition, you will recover your cash. In any case, you should inspect the highlights of the composing administration accessible. The answer to the topic of how to find the absolute best composing administration isn't a simple one. You will get the opportunity to pick the author who will offer exposition composing help. At the point when you buy a paper from us, you're ensured to savor singular methodology since article help offered by our essayists is constantly redone relying upon your necessities. You can choose to investigate moderate article composing administrations, for instance. So as to place in the school you need to pass the early on exposition. The expense of an article is reliant upon the amount of exertion the essayist needs to apply. The writer is estimate to end the exposition with an end, which may contain the side which they're remaining on if the paper was pugnacious. The reality remains, you will find a portion of the perfect article composing administrations on Reddit should you realize the best spot to look. Concerning exposition composing, it's equivalent to a scholarly wrongdoing that is rebuffed harshly. Reddit exposition composing administration could be to some degree hard to find and it now and then requires an extreme measure of second. It's essential that the administration you select knows without a doubt they're just choosing the absolute best exposition essayists. Incredible article administrations aren't easy to find. Finding a genuine exposition composing administration might be the most significant issue for almost all understudies. Therefore, you need to verify you can arrange an article in the focal point of the night and get it in a few hours before barrier. Henceforth, you should verify that you can arrange an article whenever you require and complete it a couple of hours. Next thing which you should check at while surveying a task administration are the types of papers. The group will be accessible to gracefully you with refreshes all through the act of consummation. The best journalists aren't eager to work for customers without criticism, since they don't know they will discover the installment. When you find a help you like, don't disregard to take a gander at my survey of it. In the first place, you should peruse top exposition composing administrations audits, which you'll have the option to discover at our site. It's conceivable to utilize the most economical exposition composing administration which gets a positive audit at our site. As an end, our gathering of talented specialists likewise gives a last decision which will assist you with settling on a very much educated decision. Entrusting your scholastics with web access suppliers doesn't involve joke, and you have to consistently be very much educated on the scope of the administrations from others who've been from your point of view. The best administrations aren't the least expensive ones, yet they're not excessively expensive either. Other exposition administrations may be increasingly proficient with respect to their tasks yet they're not exactly as powerful as us. You can even look at a few audits and after that settle on the business that is generally reasonable for your necessities and cheap financial plan. The Paper Bay is where individuals can sell and get scholastic administrations. How about we discover what kind of administration it is. In this way, there are only two methodologies to realize whether the association you discovered is a trustworthy paper composing administration. Toward the end, you can end up getting a counterfeited or low incredible paper from definitely a similar organization you were persuaded was the absolute best. Along these lines, you may have confidence your research project administration will be conveyed by methods for a star. Article box is satisfied with its exceptionally proficient client care group.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Friday, May 22, 2020

Writing a College and Scholarship Essay - Being Relevant to the Essay Topic

<h1>Writing a College and Scholarship Essay - Being Relevant to the Essay Topic</h1>In request to be effective in a College and Scholarship article, it is ideal to expound on something you genuinely care about. On the off chance that you need to have accomplishment recorded as a hard copy an exposition, at that point you should engage with your emotions.It is extremely simple to get baffled when you wind up committing errors and making changes in the article that are difficult to do. There are times when things appear to be difficult to recollect on the grounds that you are highly involved with making the exposition, and something smacks you directly in the face and you can't remember it. Along these lines, what is the solution?The arrangement is to truly begin to engage with your feelings when you are sincerely busy making the exposition. It is imperative to remain quiet. Get the essenti als down for composing the College and Scholarship article down. When you get it under control, you will think that its a lot simpler to compose the paper, just as recollect and assimilate the information.In composing a College and Scholarship exposition, it is ideal to concentrate on each region in turn. For instance, on the off chance that you need to expound on how significant a school mascot is, for instance, you will need to expound on it first, and afterward proceed onward to another subject. On the off chance that you work your way through the different zones of the paper, you will think that its simpler to complete and remember.Some points that you might need to talk about with this technique include: Student Life at the College or University, What Students Can Do To Gain The Most From College and Scholarship Essays, Personal Stories, College Majors That Last, The Culture of the College and Scholarsh ip Enrollment, and Even Writing The Essay Prompt and School Color Scheme. By concentrating on a particular region, it will be simpler to get the show on the road with what will end up being your essay.If you start to feel like youare losing your hold on the topic you are expounding on, or it is getting too hard to even consider getting started, you should investigate beginning an exceptional venture to assist you with remaining centered. A decent method to start this venture is to assemble data about something that you find generally fascinating, and return and re-read it a few times to ensure you are as yet utilizing a similar point and thought process.If you know beyond all doubt that the subject is one that will intrigue you and be important to your crowd, it is ideal to pick a theme that is directly for you. For instance, in the event that you will expound on school and grant papers, you can concentrate on various regions. You can concentrate on how significant having the option to stroll across grounds without being trailed by law requirement is to numerous understudies, or how significant the Freshman Mothers Program is to the school.But, on the off chance that you will compose a piece about College and Scholarship Essay, you will need to pick a point that is applicable to the College and Scholarship. On the off chance that you need to expound on the College and Scholarship Athletic Teams, you will need to realize what your primary College and Scholarship sports are with the goal that you can concentrate on them all through the paper. This will assist you with remembering the whole article all the more effectively, just as make progressively one of a kind thoughts for the College and Scholarship essay.

Monday, May 18, 2020

How to Write a Conclusion About College Life

<h1>How to Write a Conclusion About College Life</h1>If you are looking for a decision about school life then this is a decent time to think about the composition of your paper. School life is an energizing and significant stage in one's life, however it can likewise be hard for the student.In request to cause your article to have importance and make that decision about school life, you ought to write in a conversational tone and abstain from being excessively scholastic. You may find that understudies are regularly outraged when they read articles that don't mirror their encounters. This is the reason it is imperative to abstain from being too analytical.Some understudies appreciate composing papers and others find that it is hard to arrange their musings. Indeed, this kind of paper could be more hard for an understudy to compose than different sorts of papers. It might be somewhat simpl er for an individual who is as of now a prepared author to compose a paper yet a few people want to compose articles first before composing a theory. On the off chance that you can compose an exposition at a fundamental level then it might be simpler for you to compose an essay.As a model, you can without much of a stretch expand upon the data you assembled during your exploration to compose a decision about school life. Also, on the off chance that you can get an example article, at that point you can utilize the example to assist you with the paper. The equivalent is valid on the off chance that you can peruse test expositions before you start composing an essay.If you can compose a paper with the help of an article or exposition, you can take the peruser alongside you as you compose. You can likewise utilize the example to get ready for your essay.One last idea about the decision about school life is that it very well may be expounded on an assortment of subjects. For instance, in the event that you are expounding on your encounters with individuals, you might need to concentrate on your cooperation with companions, partners, or colleagues. You can likewise expound on what it resembled having classes, clubs, and activities.If you will compose an exposition about the decision about school life, you might need to abstain from utilizing the term, 'Along these lines, there you have it.' Although it might appear the closure proclamation, it isn't the finish of the paper. The decision about school life can be referenced all through the whole essay.

Saturday, May 16, 2020

The hiroshima and nagasaki atom bomb

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8821 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The American decision to use the two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II has come in for feverish debate in the years following the incident. It is one of the best-documented events in history, and has, at the same time, provoked lasting, emotionally heated reaction. Almost everyone with even a fleeting interest in World War II seems to have a strong opinion on this American action. (Harbour, 1999,p. 68) To state that the Americans bombed the Japanese because the latter were their rivals in the war is to speak simplistically of an issue that was a product of complex factors. The dropping of the bombs on the two cities was the climax of the great rivalry the two countries had developed against each other over some years; thus, to try to understand the motives behind Americas actions, one needs to look at how this rivalry developed between these two distant countries, whose culmination was the bombing of the two cities. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The hiroshima and nagasaki atom bomb | International Relations Dissertation" essay for you Create order The Japanese and Americans had been pitted against each other in the Pacific many years before World War II began. Some historians fix the date of the crystallisation of US-Japanese rivalry at 1931, when the Japanese occupied Manchuria in China. The Americans considered this an audacious attack on their interests in Asia. 1931 not only marked anadir in the relations between America and Japan, this year was also extremely significant to Japans administration, for this was when the radical, militant elements in the Japanese administration led successfully what has been termed a coup, by which they overthrew the moderate elements in the royal government and set the country on the long road of fascism of the kind that Europe was falling prey to.(Morris and Heath, 1963, pp. 2, 3 and 20) This Japanese act was the outcome of an ongoing rivalry, which dates back to an earlier period, when Japan embarked on an ambitious programme of industrialisation. A strong animosity had developed in America against the Japanese from the time she started growing in strength having realised that the way to prosperity lay in industrialisation, and had tried to make herself a strong industrial country. The rapid pace and force of Japanese industrialisation was started since her first contact with the western world, which, ironically, began with the US itself, (Wainstock, p.1)which had contributed more than any other country to Japans industrial strength, but was not able to tolerate its expansionist designs later.(Levine, 1995, p. 1) In an era of aggrandisements leading to the war, Japan, since she did not have the resources to match her rapid industrialisation, committed acts of aggression on several countries of South East Asia. Sensing that her food supplies could be cut off with ease by an enemy, Japan built a strong navy. But even so, her trade routes were unsafe. To neutralise this, she intensified her policy of annexation of several mainlan d countries and strategically important islands in the Pacific, some of which were equally economically or strategically important to an America that was seeking to establish its influence in the Pacific. In this climate of growing hostility, one by one, several territories started falling to the Japanese sword, the most important of which was the Chinese mainland in 1937, following, of course, the annexation of Manchuria. (Wainstock, pp.1 2). The main reason for Japans annexation of China was to undo the Revolution, which she viewed as a possible threat to her dynastic rule. (Levine,1995, p. 1) The fall of China intensified the American perception of the rapidly expanding Japan as a threat. Another milestone in the building up of their rivalry was Japans decision to join the Axis Alliance, led by Europes most brutal fascist regimes, those of Hitler and Mussolini, in 1940. (Conroy Wray, 1990, p. 73) The bombing of Pearl Harbour, an American base, was the last straw. It jolted America out of its self-imposed isolation brought about by a feeling that it was a secure, unassailable fortress. (Hein Selden, 1997, p. 69)Following Pearl Harbour, America, along with Britain and the Netherlands, blockaded Japans oil supplies. In order to obtain vital fuel, Japan started annexing large parts of the Pacific in quick succession Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, French Indochina, (Hane, 1992, pp. 316 42 6) Guam, and Wake Islands (Wainstock, p. 2) Even after the attack on Pearl Harbour, America was not able to dent the superior Japanese navy. However, a decisive victory in the Battle of Midway, in June 1942, gave it an advantage. This campaign was crucial in halting Japanese advances, which, left unchecked would have given her access to territories as faras India, Australia and Hawaii. Holding on tenaciously, with superior intelligence, the Americans pulled off a famous victory, which boosted their morale. (United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 1946, p. 58) The field was now left open for a climactic battle; the Americans created this in the closing stages of the war and acted upon it. This was the episode relating to the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. If the factors listed above constituted the background to the rivalry between the two countries, a combination of factors, mostly political, precipitated the event. Some of these are listed in this research paper. Since the purview of this paper is to merely look at the factors that led to the bombing of the two cities, no attempt is made to look at the moral aspect of the issue, or to stand in judgment on the incident. No matter how unspeakable the suffering the bombs ended up causing to the people who bore the brunt, and the mark it made on the national psyche of the country and its civilisation, this paper avoids reference to these areas of discussion, since this clearly falls outside its scope. However, some controversies related to the issue are taken up, for these are intertwined with the incident. While this paper has made a classification of the reasons for this attack, mention needs to be made that a watertight compartmentalisation may not be possible, and some overlaps may have occurred. Mention also needs to be made that in the section pertaining to the controversies of this action, since entire arguments of historians have been taken up for discussion, very long references to indiv idual authors appear. Part II: Political factors behind the event Surely, for an action of such great magnitude and far-reachingconsequences, political factors were the most important considerationfor president Truman. He saw in this situation an opportunity to strikea double blow to silence Japans recalcitrance, and to fire a shot atthe Russian leader, Josef Stalin, with whom his country had been forcedto develop an alliance because of the exigency of the hour. The bombwas dropped primarily for its effect not on Japan but on the SovietUnion. One, to force a Japanese surrender before the USSR came into theFar Eastern war, and two, to show under war conditions the power of thebomb. Only in this way could a policy of intimidation [of the SovietUnion] be successful[t]he United States dropped the bomb to end thewar against Japan and thereby stop the Russians in Asia, and to givethem sober pause in Eastern Europe.(Kagan, 1995) A crucial meeting, which ultimately decided the course of this actionwas called by Truman and held in the White House on June 18, as theOkinawa campaign was drawing to a close. The intention of this meetingwas to seek from his Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) their opinion on thequickest and most effective means to ending the war in Japan. Those whoattended it were the presidents chief of staff, Admiral William Leahy,Navy Chief of Staff, Ernest King, Army Chief of Staff, General GeorgeMarshall, Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, Assistant Secretary of War,John McCloy, Secretary of Navy, James Forrestal, and Ira Eaker,representing General Arnold for the Army Air Forces. The opinion thatemerged out of this meeting was that the best way forward was to invadeJapan through its southernmost tip, Kyushu. The probable date of thisplanned invasion was set for November 1. Marshall suggested that thenext phase of the invasion would be an attack, at a later date, onHonshu, the island on which Tokyo sta nds. General Marshall spoke onbehalf of the Joint Chiefs, reading out from a paper they had prepared:The Kyushu operation is essential to a strategy of strangulation andappears to be the least costly worth-while operation followingOkinawa. Although they were silent on two important clarificationsTruman had sought, namely how long the operation would last, and whatwould be the expected number of American casualties, all who attendedthis meeting were unanimous in their assessment that the invasion ofJapan through this route was the best option before them. The Chiefsarrived at a figure of 31,000 for the possible number of casualtiesduring the first phase of the invasion, in the first 30 days of thecampaign. This was arrived at by equating the casualties in thiscampaign with that in Luzon, in which the same figure had died, or werewounded or missing. The figure of 46,000 dead and another 174,000wounded was estimated if the invasion went into the second phase.Trumans most important consideration was the number of American casualties, which he wanted to be kept at the minimum. There was wideagreement on the number of casualties. This figure found reinforcementwhen, prior to the meeting, Marshall requested the expected number ofAmerican casualties from General Douglas McArthur, commander of theAmerican Army in the Pacific. The General projected a figure that wasalmost exactly similar to these estimates 105,000 battle and anadditional 12,500 non-battle casualties. (Walker, 1997, pp. 36-39) Ifthis meeting spoke of a land invasion, one factor hurried up thedecision to specifically use the bombs: some decrypted Japanesediplomatic communications, codenamed MAGIC, which revealed that theJapanese were looking forward to negotiations, rather than to peace,and in this direction, were looking towards Soviet Union, not America,was seen by Truman. This turned out to be one of the reasons he steeledhis resolve to drop the bomb on the Japanese. Under the codenameDownfall, the Americans had been making heavy preparations to lay anamphibious operation at the time Truman went to Potsdam. Just after heset sail, on July 16, he gained knowledge of the successfulexperimentation of the atom bomb, which was carried out by Americanscientists. The timing of the completion of the bomb coincided withTrumans meeting with the Russian and British heavyweights. His mainaim of going to Potsdam was to get an assurance from Stalin that theRussians would not enter the war till the time the Americans carriedout their operation. So, it was clear that he had at the back of hismind two crucial elements the operability and potential of the bomb tocurtail severely American losses, and, for its successfulimplementation, the guarantee that Russia would not enter the war.(Allen, Polmar Bernstein, 1995). Depriving Russia a role in Japan was surely a paramount reason for theurgency with which the bombs were dropped; the Soviets were scheduledto enter the war on August 8. An Asia in which the Soviets would play adecisive role, was a prospect the Truman administration had to preventat all costs; nothing gave it a better chance than the timing of thedevelopment of the bomb, and Russias scheduled date of entry intoJapan. By hurrying up the bomb, the Truman administration made sure theJapanese surrendered to the Americans alone, as argued by the Britishphysicist, P.M.S. Blackett, who, in his book Fear, War and the Bomb,has contended that the dropping of the atomic bombs was not so muchthe last military act of the Second World War as the first majoroperation of the cold diplomatic war with Russia now inprogress(Clarfield Wiecek, 1984, p. 58). The Russia factor was atwork all through. Policy-makers in the US were clear from the beginningthat America was to be alone, and that Russia was to be excluded from the bomb project. One of the most strident critics of the use of thebomb, Leo Szilard, had feared that the use against civilians would becatastrophic. He had gone on to suggest that the Americans and Russiansget into a joint effort at developing the bomb, wherein, his reasoningwent, by openly sharing this knowledge with Russian scientists, thecertain arms race that was set to follow could be prevented. In tryingto enlighten the American political establishment about his idea, hesought a meeting with president Roosevelt; however, he was referred toSecretary of State James Byrnes, who brusquely squelched the idea, andprevented the meeting with Roosevelt. Szilard even invited Churchillsfury for having suggested this idea. (Szasz, 1984, p. 146) The idea of bombing Japan was taken in order to force a total andunconditional surrender, towards which the Truman administration wantedto make sure no effort was spared. Quoting Brower (1982), Lee (1998)states: The JCS understood that Japans defeat would result from theincreasing application of military, psychological and politicalpressures upon the island nation. Their strategy clearly reflected thatunderstanding. The JCS gradually tightened the blockade, bombed Japanrelentlessly with conventional and atomic weapons, contributed toefforts to induce an early Japanese capitulation through aclarification of the unconditional surrender formula, and stronglyurged two presidents to secure early Soviet entry into the war (Lee,1998, p. 109). Another perceptive line of reasoning is that the bombs were essentiallya culmination of the process of American isolationism that had beenbuilding up from the time World War I ended. If, as argued by Glynn(1992), America, whose political and economic power was way ahead ofthat possessed by any other country in Europe, had shown sagacity andgenerosity in bailing France out financially and in redressing theGerman expansionist designs, it would have effectively put a brake on the growth of the deep animosities these two frontline European nationsdeveloped towards each other. Having failed to do it, mainly because ofits isolationist designs, America sought to maintain its position ofeminence in world affairs by spearheading the revolution in physicsthat was catching up in Europe. Having triggered the race for weapons development in Europe, what it did was to show it was ahead of therest. This it could accomplish only by demonstrating its power to therest of the world. The perfect excuse for this was provided by Japansdefiance. It is true that the situation of war made scientists of eachcountry work on the bomb faster than their counterparts in othercountries. If the war had not taken place, it is possible that theinvention itself would not have taken place. This writer extends thisargument to suggest that not only should America have shown pragmatismin dealing with Europe after World War I, when the time came, it had toshowcase its newly-acquired might in brute fashion. It had to vindicatethe appositeness of its policy of isolationism after World War I; noother action served to show that better than the decisiveness withwhich it dropped the bombs on targets that were convenient to it fromall perspectives. (Glynn, 1992, p. 114) Truman had taken office at a time when the Soviet Union, with adiametrically opposite ideology, was taking shape as a potential rivalto the emerging American dominance in world affairs. Roosevelt had beenhoping that a conciliatory approach towards this country was the bestway to an amicable post-war settlement. However, following his death,Truman had to rely on his predecessors advisors in internationalaffairs, an area in which he was vastly untested; however, theiropinion was different from their masters. (Clarfield Wiecek,1984, p. 82) Thus, opposition to Russia was a philosophy Truman imbibedfrom the start of this tenure. Bruce Cumings (1999) proffers another interesting insight into theurgency with which Truman used the newly devised bomb. It has to dowith the nature of the political arrangement in the US. There is acertain irony about the position of the president as the foremostdecision maker in the country, he is yet faced with a tight situation,sitting on a seat of thorns. On the one hand, he is handicapped by thepower of the Congress alone to go to war; on the other hand, his is atemporary position; all the power he commands is gone when he loses hiselection or has run out his term. In the final sense, he is aloneresponsible for the decisions he takes. It is a high-pressure office,in which he is the sole decision-making authority, into whose shoesnobody would like to step in. Nor does anyone else have the authorityor power to take decisions of the gravity he does in a system in whichthere are liberal doses of daily infighting and squabbling among thedifferent agencies such as the legislature and the judiciary, and alsowithin the Congress. The possession of the control of the just-inventedbomb came to symbolise the sway the president held over all others inthe administration. This was the most concrete symbol of this powerthat he and nobody else could enjoy in the administration. Truman, inparticular, vested the control of the atomic bomb with the AtomicEnergy Commission, which made sure it did not fall into the hands ofthe top military brass. Thus, possession and sole control over whocontrolled the bomb weighed more in Trumans presidency than in anyothers mainly because it was then that the bomb was invented. It is inthis sense, that, quoting Sherwin (1975), he goes on to argue why thebomb, once readied, was used: not just to intimidate the Russians, butto intimidate everyone from recalcitrant Republican congressmen toisolationists in the broad body politic to Hirohito to Stalin toChurchill to the total field in which the American president has heldsway since 1941, namely, the world. (Cumings, 1999, p. 56) Part III: The personality of Truman and his perception of the nature of the bombs as a factor: It is possible to argue that the attitude and decision-makingnature of the new president and the peculiarity of the situation inwhich he was inaugurated into the presidency could be classified asanother reason the bombs were dropped on the two cities. Almost fromthe moment the uniqueness of the new weapons was made known to thepresident, he took an altogether authoritative role. A study of the assertiveness with which the just-inaugurated president acted lends tothis conclusion. It is difficult to say with certainty if the sameincidents of bombings would surely have taken place if a person otherthan Truman had been at the helm of affairs at that time. President Truman won greater admiration once he had quit office thanwhen he was in power; this was more pronounced after his death. Duringthe years he was in the White House, he was seen as a president who hadinherited a difficult mantle from the formidable Roosevelt. There wasan aura of greatness created around him, most notably because of thefamous words he had painted on his desk, the buck stops here.However, recent research, carried out a good few decades after hisdeath, has shown that underneath the image of an astute, frank andhonest president were qualities that hardly got the attention theyreally had to: suspicion, insensitivity and narrow-mindedness. He usedhis dashing demeanour to guise his innate insecurity and terribleself-doubt. (Walker, 1997, p. 7) This quality of his was perhaps wellknown in the White House. A humorous anecdote may not be out of placeto illustrate this: it is said that when Truman rushed to the WhiteHouse upon hearing the news of president Roosevelts s udden death, heis said to have offered his help to the family. To this, Eleanor isreported to have quipped: Is there anything we can do for you? For youare the one in trouble now! (Boller, 1996, p. 278) It was only naturalthat the bomb caught his attention like no other, and became the idefixe of his presidency. When he took office from president Roosevelt,he was sure about nothing but the fact that he had to carry on hisillustrious predecessors legacy, which centred round the victory thatAmerica, with its coalition partners in the Allied forces, had to sealin the Pacific with minimum loss of American lives. In a sense, it wasa difficult legacy he inherited, because he only knew he had tocontinue with Roosevelts legacy, but was unsure about which that was.(Walker, 1997, pp. 7-9) There had been a considerable difference ofopinion between the Roosevelts on the purpose of the war. If Delano hadbeen under the impression that the ultimate aim was winning the war,Eleanor differed with him , asserting that winning the war was only halfthe battle won; the First Lady was of the strong view that winning thepeace after the war ended was more important. This, to her, was thelasting victory, one that would place America on the pedestal to itschosen destiny. (Rozell Pederson, 1997, p. 209) Is it any wonderthat the utterly confused president made the following comments in apress conference the day after taking oath: Boys, if you ever pray,pray for me now. I dont know whether you fellows ever had a load ofhay fall on you, but when they told me yesterday what had happened, Ifelt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me?(Jones, 1994, p. 36) Thus, it was only natural that the invention thatcame into existence weeks after he took office, the bomb, turned out tobe a weapon in both the literal and figurative senses it would helphim shake off the Roosevelt hangover; using it with unequivocal forcewould firmly establish his position. On July 7, 1945, a palpably tense and reluctant Truman set sail forPotsdam in Germany to attend for a meeting with Generalissimo JosefStalin and Winston Churchill. This unease was predictable to a novicewho was barely three months into his presidency: Trumans anxietyabout attending the conference was understandable. He was still anovice at his job and still learning the complexities of the manyproblems he faced. He was traveling to meet and doubtlessly disagree onimportant issues with two crusty and renowned leaders who must haveseemed larger than life, even to the president of the United States. Hewas determined to protect American interests but worried about howsuccessful he would be in jousting with his formidable, tenacious, andexperienced counterparts. (Walker, 1997, pp. 7-9 and 53) In thesituation that he was in, nothing gave him greater strength than thebomb; it was a godsend to a cornered president, one arrow with which hecould kill allthe butterflies in his own stomach, the Rooseveltiannoose that hun g over his head, and all the political issues discussedearlier. Thus, once the awesome bomb had been unfurled, the president becameunshakably firm in his conviction that it had to be used, come whatmay. The first significant communication he made after learning aboutthe power of the bomb was: I am going to make a decision which no manin history has ever had to makeHe was clear right from the moment hehad got a grasp of the bombs potency that there was no alternative tousing it. He had told Byrnes that he had given thought to the problemand, while reluctant to use this weapon, saw no way of avoiding it.This was also reflected in the address he gave the nation three daysafter Hiroshima, in which he plainly declared that having found thebomb we used it. Even in his memoirs, he expressed scant regret forhaving used it, stating: Let there be no mistake about it. I regardedthe bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should beused Another factor that may have influenced T ruman to use the bombagainst Japan was that he had to take off from where Roosevelt hadleft; he had to continue a majority of the projects and policies thatRoosevelt had initiated, one of the which was the Manhattan Project,whose brief it was to develop the bomb. It was in line with hisresolution to continue Roosevelts policies. Finally, the very fact ofthe sheer, intimidating power of the powerful bomb he knew was not justanother bomb gave him control over it. This power of controlling theworlds most powerful bomb till then, making him the only man in theuniverse, filled with him pride and ego. This would give himunquestionable might, and enhance his already powerful status. (Gaddis,Gordon, May, Rosenberg, 1999, pp. 16, 17) Two months after theincidents in Japan, he exhibited his knowledge of the importance of thebomb, saying, The discovery of the means of releasing atomic energybegan a new era in the history of civilization. The scientific andindustrial knowledge on which this di scovery rests does not relatemerely to another weapon. It may some day prove to be morerevolutionary in the development of human society than the invention ofthe wheel, the use of metals, or the steam or internal-combustionengine. Never in history has society been confronted with a power so full ofpotential danger and at the same time so full of promise for the futureof man and for the peace of the world. I think I express the faith ofthe American people when I say that we can use the knowledge we havewon not for the devastation of war but for the future welfare ofhumanity. (Koenig, 1956, p. 122) On August 9, 1945, in response to aletter from a prelate that the Americans had indiscriminately bombedHiroshima, Truman is said to have remarked: Nobody is more disturbedover the use of the Atomic bombs than I am but I was greatly disturbedover the unwarranted attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and theirmurder of our prisoners of war. The only language they seem tounderstand is the on e we have been using to bombard them. When you haveto deal with a beast you have to treat him as a beast. It is mostregrettable but nevertheless true (Cumings, 1999, p. 58) Since thetime of the capture of Pearl Harbour, the propaganda war intensified inthe US, making the Japanese the ultimate villains in their eyes.Although the Americans did inflict a heavy defeat on the Japanese inthe campaigns of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the strong sentiment theAmericans had against the Japanese, by which not even the president wasimmune from this stereotype, may have forced him to choose Japan as thetarget for the testing of the atomic bombs. It is not surprising,considering that in his private diaries, he referred to the Japanese assavages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic. (Wainstock, p.121) Theanti-Japan feeling was so strong in the US that from the time the bombwas conceived, it was decided to develop it to be used, and to be usedagainst Japan, (Blumenson et al., 1960, p. 496) and that it should beused on a dual target comprising military installations and civiliantargets such as residences close to these installations, and should beused without prior warning (Divine, 1969, p. 315), despite vehementpleas not to use it against Japan by none other than one of the chiefarchitects of the bomb, Leo Szilard, who pleaded that theadministration refrain from using the deadly bomb because, to him,Japan was essentially defeated, and it would be wrong to attack itscities with atomic bombs as if atomic bombs were simply anothermilitary weapon. Another strong motivation for Truman was that heordered the atomic bombs to be dropped to vindicate the cost in termsof money and manpower that went into making the bombs. The bombs hadbeen developed at a cost of $two billion. It seemed foolish to him atthat point of time to not use it after having spent so much on aproject into which the countrys best scientific minds had gone. Hefelt he was answerable to a hostile Congress about a project that h adbeen carried out in great secrecy, and felt he was accountable to it.When the executive had fought with the Congress to get the money,Truman and his team were afraid of offending the Congress by not usingthe bombs. The leaders were eager to please the Congress, whose variouscommittees had been demanding that the results had better be worth the$2 billion investment. (Wainstock, 1996, pp. 12, 37 38 and121-123) A measure of the relief the success of the bomb sent in theinner political coterie responsible for the development of the bombcould be discerned from the remark Stimson is believed to have madeimmediately upon receiving news of the success of the trial: Well, Ihave been responsible for spending two billions of dollars on thisatomic venture. Now that it is successful I shall not be sent to prisonin Fort Leavenworth. The president was overjoyed at hearing the newsof the success. Stimson records in his diary that on hearing the newsof the successful explosion, The President was t remendously pepped upby it, and and spoke to me of it again and again, when I saw him. Hesaid it gave him an entirely new feeling of confidence. This becameclear in the way he conducted himself at the conference the next day,something even Churchill foundalmost tangible, saying Truman had become more forceful the next daybecause of this new piece of knowledge. (Szasz, 1984, pp. 145, 146) Further, the importance the bomb held in Trumans heart was so greatthat some historians such as Alperovitz Bird, (1994) have takenup from this point to suggest that it was this penchant for this bombthat was to not only motivate Truman to go ahead and bomb Japan, it wasthe turning point in the polarisation of the worlds superpowers theled to the Cold War. Their logic is based on the following reasoning:the potential for conflict between the Americans and the Russians wasno doubt in the air even as they were going into the war, but whatactually put two powers on the road to rivalry was the bomb, and Trumans grasp of its unprecedented might. This was to serve as thecatalyst for sealing the alignment of forces that shaped the worldleading to the famed Cold War. Even while getting into Potsdam, Trumanhad been in two minds about his own ability to pull off a diplomaticcoup over Russia; as he confided to his wife in his diary, he wasjittery about the prospect of what his meeting with the Generalissimowould achieve. It had always been Roosevelts policy to contain thearmament of Germany, which he believed was crucial to assure the worldthat a rearmed Germany would never again threaten it, and to containthe Russians with an alliance of like-minded western powers. However,at the time, and in Trumans initial days in office, till the time theatom bomb was tested, the battle lines were only hazy. There was noclear agreement on the shape the defeated Germany would take after ithad surrendered. These researchers conclude that if there was somethingthat gave direction and thrust to the rivalr y that was to concretise asthe Cold War, it was the bomb, and its primacy in the presidents mind.(Alperovitz Bird, 1994) Part IV: Other aspects of the bombing: A study of why America dropped the bombs on the two Japanese cities isincomplete without a reference to the controversies surrounding theissue. In a nutshell, the controversies relate to the two gravequestions historians have asked in later years: was the bombing ofJapan necessary at all in the first place to force a surrender on it,and, secondly, would not one bomb have sufficed? Post-war historians have challenged President Harry Trumans decisionto use the atomic bomb to shorten World War II and save American lives.Some claim that the Allies could have ended the war by negotiating withthe Japanese; others contend dropping the bombs was patent racism andthat atomic bombs never would have been dropped on the Germans.(Allen, Polmar Bernstein, 1995) Historians accuse Truman of not taking all factors into consideration,and of not making a full understanding of the internal situation inJapan at that time. After Potsdam, as we have seen, his will to drop the bombs washastened, on the thought that its use would totally save Americanlives, as compared to an invasion, bringing the Japanese to theirknees. But it is clear that this was an oversight, and an assumptionthat went wrong five days after the end of the second bombing onNagasaki, there was an attempted coup, whose success would have draggedon the battle for many more weeks or months. Even the massive bombingshad not diluted Japanese will; a group of senior Japanese army and navyofficers were still determined to carry on fighting after staging acoup. They had made preparations for a great showdown with the Americanforces on the beaches, under the codename Decisive Battle. That thecoup did not succeed and Decisive Battle did not materialise isanother matter. The point being raised by present-day historians isassuming that the coup would have been successful, there is no doubtthat fighting would have dragged on, and would have resulted in lossesof several American lives. The question is, how many American lives would have been sacrificed in the fighting? Given the near depletion ofresources at Japans command at that point of time, it is possible thatnot more than a handful of American lives would have been lost. Thecrucial point is, when the Japanese were fighting on only one resource,their determination, and given the fact that even without the droppingof the bombs, not more than a relatively few American lives would havebeen lost, was it fair to estimate that the Japanese would have killeda million Americans? Truman had long been obsessed with one thoughtmore than any other the prevention of the loss of a million Americanlives. Critics are agreed on the fact that this figure was a) grosslyexaggerated in the first place when secretary Stimson arrived at thisfigure, and b) this was seized upon relentlessly by Truman to be usedevery now and then to justify the catastrophic bombings. They are at aloss to understand how Truman could have taken this figure of a quarterto a million potential Am erican deaths as the gospel truth when eventhe trigger-happy Gen. Douglas McArthur arrived at an estimate, donewithout any prompting, on a figure that was nowhere near what Trumanput forth throughout. What adds substance to the whole issue is that inthe first place, Gen. McArthur himself had exaggerated the wholeestimate, for some unknown reasons. But what is highly pertinent isthat records discovered after the war showed that at that time,McArthurs staff had released an all-important communication: Thestrategists at Imperial General Headquarters believed that, if theycould succeed in inflicting unacceptable losses on the United States inthe Kyushu operation, convince the American people of the hugesacrifices involved in an amphibious invasion of Japan, and make themaware of the determined fighting spirit of the Japanese army andcivilian population, they might be able to postpone, if not escapealtogether, a crucial battle in the Kanto [Tokyo] area. In this way,they hoped to gain tim e and grasp an opportunity which would lead tothe termination of hostility on more favorable terms than those whichunconditional surrender offered. Obviously, this too, points to thefact that there was clearly no need to force a total Japanese surrenderat that point of time, given the drain they were facing, and moreimportantly, to use the bombs to force a surrender. Moreover, theAmerican Sixth Army in Luzon, Philippines, had estimated that theKyushu invasion would have the same gravity as that of the earlierinvasion, on Okinawa. This was to be taken as the correct estimate byany standards, for this was not carried out by ideology-drivenpoliticians, but by groups of professional soldiers and doctors who hadactually been at the actual scene of fighting. Using the Okinawainvasion as the standard, they had estimated, as was the regularpractice, that on a ratio of 1:4 for the Kyushu invasion, this wouldclaim no more than four times the number ofcasualties the Okinawa episode had claimed . Even estimating that in theface of a heavy, sustained Japanese kamikaze raids, though a distinctimpossibility, had the losses been in the order of ten times that ofthe Okinawa invasion, the total American casualties would have amountedto nothing more than 147,500 dead and some 343,000 wounded. In theevent of an American offensive, Decisive Battle, the losses on bothsides would have been terrible. If the bomb gave the American presidentan alternative to an invasion, it would have given the Japanese Emperoran opportunity to end the war. (Allen, Polmar Bernstein, 1995) Historians have also come out with evidence that Truman exaggerated thepotential American casualties of an invasion of Japan to justify hisuse of the atomic bomb after the war ended. They quote a letter hewrote in 1948, he insisted, as he had done all along, that he decidedto use the atomic bomb to save 250,000 boys from the United States.He was convinced all along that by carrying out these attacks, he hadachieved hi s aim, and in his memoirs written in 1955, after hispresidency had ended, Truman still insisted that half-a-millionAmerican lives were saved by the bomb. However, his critics now claimthat the Joint War Plans Committee on June 15 had given a figure ofonly about 40,000 American deaths if the planned invasion of the homeislands took place. To calculate the number of American casualties onthe mainland, Admiral Leahy took the earlier battle in Okinawa as thebasis, in which American casualties were roughly 35 percent of thetotal force of 120,000. Thus, even if it was agreed that Okinawa wasthe proper basis for the number of casualties the Americans wouldsustain in the event of a mainland invasion, and updating Leahysfigures to a more accurate 29 percent, the casualty figure in theentire campaign should not have exceeded a maximum of 200,000 deathsand 725,000 injuries. (Loebs, 1995) The second major controversy relates to this point if for a moment,for the sake of argument, it is assumed that the bombing was absolutelynecessary, then the bomb on Hiroshima would have done the job, and thesecond one on Nagasaki was totally redundant. The Nagasaki bomb was anon-factor in forcing the Japanese Emperor to order surrender. Therewere protracted arguments and vacillations in the Japanese think-tankabout the decision to surrender following the Hiroshima bombing onAugust 6. Of course, it has to be admitted that Truman was not aware ofthese wranglings; but the reasons given by the American decision makersto use the second bomb was very unconvincing. In his memoirs, Trumanhas explained his reason for dropping the second bomb: On August 9,the second atom bomb was dropped, this time on Nagasaki. We gave theJapanese three days in which to make up their minds to surrender andthe bombing would have been held off another two days had weatherpermitted. But the truth is that Truman took three days from the firstbombing till the second not because he wanted to give the Japanese timeto decide, but because the second bomb became ready only on August 9.Truman had ordered his military on July 25 that they should useadditional bombs as soon as they are made available by the projectstaff. Thus, if the second bomb had been ready on August 7, or evenAugust 6 itself, it would have been dropped then. This is reinforced byGeneral Groves, director of the Manhattan Project, which developedthese weapons, who said the second bomb had to follow the first onequickly so that the Japanese would not have time to recover theirbalance. Truman knew the extent of the destruction in full detail, andhad the time to stop the Nagasaki bombing. The Nagasaki story showsthat Americas leaders, understandably obsessed with ending the warquickly, failed to use the second atomic bomb rationally or tactically.No high-level discussion was held to consider the second bomb. Nobodychallenged or revie wed the informal, unofficial, and premature judgmentof General Groves, reached in December 1944, to drop two atomic bombs.(Loebs, 1995) Another argument put forward at the time of the bombing was that thisbomb helped reduce the spread of nuclear weapons: this line of thinkinggoes that this bomb contributed to the subsequent prevention of nuclearweapons and helped maintain a balance of power in the later years. Thisargument, of course, has been defeated by the logic of why it wasnecessary to drop these bombs on thickly populated areas, and not ondeserted areas, if use of the bomb was the only prerequisite to thisargument. (Hein Selden, 1997, p. 58) There is another pressing argument put forward by some critics: Trumandropped the bomb for diplomatic, not military reasons. Trumans criticsquote his remark that the bomb might well put us in a position todictate our own terms (an obvious reference to the Soviet Union) afterthe war, and Secretary Byrness equally strong statement that ourp ossessing and demonstrating the bomb would make Russia more manageablein Europe. But in hindsight, they ask, is it not possible to arguethat Stalin would have been as convinced and apprehensive aboutAmerican might even if the bombs had been dropped on some desert or anyother kind of barren land? Was if necessary to bomb thickly populated,flourishing cities if the only intention was to fill awe in Stalin.Moreover, if that was the sole purpose, far from not being justified indropping the bombs on civilian areas, would not have just one bomb sentthe same message as two bombs? (Loebs, 1995) In July, two major breakthroughs were achieved by the code-breakingoperations entitled MAGIC and ULTRA. MAGIC intercepts read by Trumanand this team showed that the Japanese were unrelenting, and that theelite, the moderate elements in the administration, were willing tonegotiate peace terms with the Allies, but afraid of discussing thisintention with the military, the hardline elements, fearing a r eprisalfrom them. Traditionally, the military had controlled most of Japansdecision making. These elements were seen to be taking very firmactions on those who were even willing to talk about peace. It is clearthat the Japanese started making moves to ask the Soviets to mediate ina peace effort with the Americans and the British and bring an end tothe war in the Pacific. MAGIC had revealed that the Emperor had plansof deputing his prince, Konoye Fumimaro to Moscow with his message.(Newman, 1995, p. 13) One of the most scholarly, yet controversial works on Trumans decisionto use the bomb has been from Gar Alperovitz. His highly provocativeanalysis may have triggered serious debate from a school of thought onthe subject not inclined to hear his viewpoint, but it is necessary forus to develop our thinking on the issue of the great American blunderin dropping the bombs: Quoting the US Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), he says that it cameout with its findings as early as 1946, which wer e presented in itsreport entitled, Japans struggle to end the war. The summary of thereport read as follows: certainly prior to 31 December 1945, and inall probability prior to 1 November 1945, Japan would have surrenderedeven if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had notentered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned orcontemplated Quoting another report from the secretive War Department,which was carried out in April 1946, but was made public only in 1989,he furnishes the exact words of the report: the Japanese leaders haddecided to surrender and were merely looking for sufficient pretext toconvince the die-hard Army Group that Japan had lost the war and mustcapitulate to the Allies . Further, in the event of the bombs notbeing dropped, Russia would have entered the war, according to the setplan, in early August, the time when the bombs were actually dropped.This report says that had the Russians actually entered Japan in earlyAugust, that would have g iven the Japanese just the pretext they werelooking to, in order to surrender. The moderate elements in theJapanese administration were at pains to convince the militant elementsto make them agree to a surrender; citing the Russian entry would havemade the moderates use this as the solid reason to make the hardlinerssee the writing on the wall, and would in all probabilities have madethem relent. Hence, according to the report, in the event of theRussian entry in early August, not only would the need for the bombshave been obviated, there would have been no possibility of the plannedinvasion of Kyushu in November, which would have, in Trumansassessment, led to the loss of all those American lives, and thesubsequent attack on Tokyo in April 1946. (Alperovitz, 1995) Part V: Conclusion: It is clear that while taking a decision of this magnitude, Japanhappened to provide the American administration just the conditionsthat would have given it the excuse to drop the bomb; the decision wentfar ahead of the cursory purpose of ending the war, and forcing aJapanese surrender. A look at the actions of the Truman administration right from the startof the decision-making process would suggest that it overlooked allparameters that went against the action: Even at the all-important June 18 meeting, the central point that arosewas the agreed number of probable American casualties. There is noproof whatsoever, that a figure that even remotely resembled the halfto one million, the figure that the president and his advisors keptbrandishing throughout, was mentioned during this most importantmeeting about the invasion. (Walker, 1997, p. 39) Another major advice against the use of the bomb came in June 1945,when it was imminent that the atomic bomb would be used on an enemy.This cam e from an eminent, highly concerned group of scientists, whichwent aghast at the prospect of the use of this weapon. Presenting thisreport to the War Department, it said sage words: In the past,scientists could disclaim direct responsibility for the use to whichmankind had put their disinterested discoveries. We now feel compelledto take a more active stand because the success which we have achievedin the development of nuclear power is fraught with infinitely greaterdangers than were all the inventions of the past. All of us, familiarwith the present state of nucleonics, live with the vision before oureyes of sudden destruction visited on our own country, of a PearlHarbor disaster repeated a thousand-fold magnification in every one ofour major cities. Asserting that this would give short term benefits,that too, only political, at the cost of long-term detriment, thisgroup went on to add that if there was one country that was morevulnerable to such attacks in future, from any countr y that copied thistechnology, it was America, with its concentration of industrialcomplexes and civilian areas in close proximity to each other. Itwarned that Russia, with its deep mistrust of America, could develop aneven more unimaginably powerful device that it could easily use againstthe US. In view of the fact that taking the first step towardsdestruction would not only endanger American security in future, butalso that of the entire world by precipitating a contest in which eachof the participants could become more destructive than the other, thisgroup suggested that the technology be demonstrated in the full glareof the world, under the auspices of a world body (the United Nationswas in the process of being formed then). (Williams, 1956, pp. 952,953) Gar Alperovitz has come out with the startling theory that presidentTruman was aware of the fact that there existed several alternatives tothe bomb. Just before Potsdam, on July 12, one of the several importantcodes that the US decoded mentioned in explicit terms that EmperorHirohito was seriously contemplating intervening personally to offersurrender. When Truman was informed of this, all he did was to dismissthe cable as just another of the many of the Emperors communications,saying it was the Jap Emperor asking for peace. This was believed tobe the ideal time for the surrender; the only sticking point was whatformula was to be worked out vis--vis the Emperor, for taking theEmperor as a war criminal would have been the ultimate insult to anation that considered him god-incarnate, and was sure to provokerebellion of the highest degree. All along, from the time of Germanyssurrender on May 8, the prospect of a Japanese surrender was always onthe cards: the American insistence that Russia enter the war aroundAugust 8 was meant to give them the advantage of diverting the Japanesein Manchuria. This would have given the Americans the leverage to takeon the Japanese army in the mainland, as a major force would h ave beendiverted to the fighting in Manchuria. By midsummer, however, Japansposition had deteriorated so much that top U.S. military plannersbelieved the mere shock of a Red Army attack might be sufficient tobring about surrender and thus make an invasionunnecessary.(Alperovitz, 1995) Yet, with all these factors, Trumans determination to nip the growthof Russias strength was far greater than all the considerations he wasexpected to take. His decision to override the decision of the group ofscientists was perhaps understandable, but the fact is that heoverlooked the decision of one of the most intimate insiders in hisadministration, Admiral Leahy, who, making a pensive reflection of theAmerican decision, had these to say: It is my opinion that the use ofthis barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no materialassistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeatedand ready to surrender. (Boorstein Boorstein, 1990, p. 47) [I]n being the first to use it, we a dopted an ethical standard commonto the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war inthat fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children(Weisserman, 2004) Thus, in the end, the decision to drop the bomb, seen in the light ofall the facts presented in this paper, seems to have been an impetuousone; not only did the bombs cause appalling damage and put to use aninnovative technology that was to take mans power of destruction tounseen heights, this decision of Trumans, ignoring the advice of themoderate elements in his administration, also fulfilled the direpredictions that the group of scientists made and caused an arms race,whose implications we are still seeing today. Allen, T. B., Polmar, N., Bernstein, B. J. (1995). Question: WasTruman Right to Drop the Bomb? Insight on the News, Vol.11, p.18+.Retrieved April 10, 2005, from Questia database Alperovitz, G. (1995) Hiroshima: Historians Reassess. Foreign Policy, p.15+. Retrieved April 10, 2005, from Questia database Alperovitz, G., Bird, K. (1994) The Centrality of the Bomb.Foreign Policy, p.3+. Retrieved April 10, 2005, from Questia database Blumenson, M., Coakley, R. W., Conn, S., Fairchild, B., Leighton, R.M., Von Luttichau, C. V., Macdonald, C. B., Mathews, S. T., Matloff,M., Mavrogordato, R. S., Meyer, L. J., Miller, J. J., Morton, L.,Pogue, F. C., Ruppenthal, R. G., Smith, R. R., Ziemke, F. (1960),Command Decisions (K. R. Greenfield, Ed.), Office of the Chief ofMilitary History, Washington, DC. Boller, P. F. (1996), Presidential Anecdotes (Revised ed.), Oxford US, New York. Boorstein, E., Boorstein, R. (1990), Counterrevolution: U.S. Foreign Policy, International Publishers, New York. Clarfield, G. H., Wiecek, W. M. (1984), Nuclear America:Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States, 1940-1980(1st ed.), Harper Row, New York. Conroy, H. Wray, H. (Eds.) (1990), Pearl Harbor Reexamined:Prologue to the Pacific War, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Cumings, B. (1999), Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-EastAsian Relations at the End of the Century, Duke University Press,Durham, NC. Divine, R. A. (Ed.) (1969), Causes and Consequences of World War II, Quadrangle Books, Chicago. Gaddis, J. L., Gordon, P. H., May, E. R., Rosenberg, J. (Eds.)(1999), Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy since1945, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Glynn, P. (1992), Closing Pandoras Box: Arms Races, Arms Control, and the History of the Cold War, Basic Books, New York. Hane, M. (1992), Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (2nd ed.) Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Harbour, F. V. (1999), Thinking about International Ethics: MoralTheory and Cases from American Foreign Policy, Westview Press, Boulder,CO. Hein, L. E. Selden, M. (Eds.). (1997), Living with the Bomb:American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age, M.E.Sharpe, New York. (1963), Japan 1931-1945: Militarism, Fascism, Japanism? (I. Morris, Ed.) D. C. Heath, Boston. Jones, C. O. (1994), The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution Washington, DC: Kagan, D. (1995), Why America Dropped the Bomb. Commentary, Vol.100, p.17+. Retrieved April 10, 2005, from Questia database Koenig, L. W. (Ed.) (1956), The Truman Administration, Its Principles and Practice, New York University Press, New York. Lee, L. E. (Ed.) (1998), World War II in Asia and the Pacific andthe Wars aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature andResearch, Greenwood Press Westport, CT. Levine, A. J. (1995), The Pacific War: Japan Versus the Allies, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. Loebs, B. (1995), Hiroshima Nagasaki: One Necessary Evil, OneTragic Mistake Commonweal, Vol.122, p.11+. Retrieved April 10, 2005,from Questia database Newman, R. P., (1995), Truman and the Hiroshima Cult, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI. United States Strategic Bombing Survey, (1946), The Campaigns of thePacific War. Washington: U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific). Rozell, M. J. Pederson, W. D., (Eds.) (1997), FDR and the Modern Presidency: Leadership and Legacy, Praeger, Westport, CT. Szasz, F. M., (1984), The Day the Sun Rose Twice: The Story of theTrinity Site Nuclear Explosion, July 16, 1945 (1st ed.), University ofNew Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Wainstock, D. D, (1996), The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb, Praeger, Westport, CT. Walker, J. S., (1997), Prompt and Utter Destruction Truman and theUse of Atomic Bombs against Japan, University of North Carolina Press,Chapel Hill, NC. Weisserman, Gary, Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Williams, W. A. (Ed.), (1956), The Shaping of American Diplomacy, Rand McNally, Chicago.

Friday, May 15, 2020

Help Me Get Some Examples of an Historical Middle School Essay That Was Written Correct

<h1>Help Me Get Some Examples of a Historical Middle School Essay That Was Written Correct</h1>In request to consider instances of a recorded center school exposition that was composed effectively, I expected to get a few examples of a verifiable center school paper that was composed accurately. There are numerous expositions that look great and that are introduced very well.Unfortunately, the genuine models didn't generally exist. The main thing I could discover were awful models. Numerous individuals have contemplated the instances of a chronicled center school article that was composed correctly.It is acceptable to realize that I had the option to discover a few examples of an exposition that I saw as exceptionally difficult to comprehend. This is the thing that I came to acknowledge when I did my exploration. The initial two instances of an authentic center school article that was com posed effectively, that I read, were from a progression of expositions that showed up in a production. Those two models didn't look very good.In truth, I realize that I would not have had the option to follow the author in the event that I had not seen the example that was remembered for the article. All that I have found in the examples of a verifiable center school exposition that was composed effectively is only a case of the scholars sentiments and emotions on the subject of the article. I am certain that the author had a wide range of musings that he expounded on. It is acceptable to discover the author's own voice, however a ton of times you will find that they picked their own words and attributes.In expansion to these two instances of the authentic center school articles that were composed effectively, there are numerous different models that I couldn't discover. For one, I discovered instances of di fferent expositions, however they were from center school understudies who had moved on from secondary school. I was befuddled when I did my research.The sampleof verifiable center school papers that were composed effectively was a center school understudy who was composing for his own school paper. There was not a plan and the essayist's perspectives were close to home and didn't have a motivation. In the event that this is the manner by which an individual feels, I am certain that they were extremely glad for the articles. In the event that somebody will compose an article for their school, at that point that individual needs to originate from a better place than any of the models that I found in the examples of a verifiable center school exposition that was composed correctly.The instances of an authentic center school paper that was composed accurately are for the most part close to home papers that the author composed for their group. On the off chance that you are not open to composing for the class, try not to compose for the class. You ought to compose an individual article for your group. The issue with this is it makes you sound like you have less regard for the understudies who you are composing for.To assist you with getting instances of recorded, center school papers that were composed effectively, I propose that you investigate a few distinct articles. Understand them and see what kind of paper that you can think of. You may find that you are not happy enough to compose the essays.

Monday, May 11, 2020

Argumentative Essay Topics For High School

<h1>Argumentative Essay Topics For High School</h1>Argumentative article points for secondary school comprise of for the most part themes about the pertinence of the subjects to understudies' lives and studies. Since the paper is made for a class test, the point ought to be wide and clear enough to have the option to fulfill the determination board of trustees' prerequisites for the topic.Teachers would normally introduce a contentious exposition subject for secondary school on account of its significance in picking themes to be canvassed in the schedule. The journalists should concentrate on the primary concerns of the article so as to persuade them that they ought to be shrouded in the syllabus.Argumentative paper points for secondary school likewise must be written in a satisfactory manner that understudies can identify with and can utilize effectively as reference while they are conte mplating. To compose this sort of paper, the author can find support from the distributers which will give assets, for example, altering and composing programming. The author can likewise contact educators for proficient altering services.Before composing a factious paper for secondary school, the essayist ought to acquaint himself with the essential syntax leads just as shows utilized in the composition of articles. Along these lines, the exposition ought not contain any mistakes in punctuation or spelling.Argumentative paper points for secondary school are really simpler than it appears in light of the fact that the material expected to get ready for them are fairly normal. A rundown of themes can be set up through the guardians and educators of the understudy or by requesting research papers accessible in the library or archives.Most of the time, the points can be pre -decided through the class schedule. Be that as it may, when no point has been pre-decided, the instructor can assume the liability to figure out what theme the understudy ought to be composed about.An pugnacious exposition for secondary school can be changed over into a conversation paper in the wake of composing the article. It is significant that the paper author does a few updates so as to cause it to become more clear and increasingly helpful to the class.Essays for secondary school can be composed by any understudy who needs to do as such. It is dependent upon the author to decide the fitting arrangement to follow so as to make the paper useful and furthermore fascinating to read.

Friday, May 8, 2020

Writing a Theatre Essay

<h1>Writing a Theater Essay</h1>Are you composing a performance center paper and need some composing an auditorium tips? It very well may be hard to choose what your topic ought to be, and how to compose an article on a subject that is so explicit. Continue perusing for some supportive exhortation on what to compose about.As you see theater composing, you might be struck by the measure of playwriting counsel out there. On the web, it appears as if everybody has some tip about how to compose a play or how to discover a theater. The best one is likely to discover a writer to peruse your content with you. The writer will either adore it or will give you a decent remark, which will make you continue composing your play. This is only one approach to make some compose a venue tips, and it is the one I will prescribe to you here.But what do you expound on in your composing a performance center p aper? Shouldn't something be said about The Lion King? Or then again maybe a play about theater chiefs? Or on the other hand, shouldn't something be said about How to Win Friends and Influence People?The point is, you will have a great deal of fundamental decisions to make before you start composing your first passage. In the first place, pick a point for your paper. For this situation, you need to make certain to pick something about acting. You can consider where you are going to put it, and you will have a little direction in this area.Now, shouldn't something be said about your exposition? Would you like to concentrate on what on-screen characters do by and large, or would you like to discuss a particular entertainer? In the event that you go with explicit, you can consider getting a writer to peruse your content, or even a film commentator to look at it. Perhaps your exposition is about plays? Next, you will have a decision to make regarding the subject. Would you like to discuss acting? Would you like to take a gander at a particular dramatist? Is it true that you are expounding on general? Whatever you pick, you will have a little structure to begin with and will be prepared to start in earnest.Lastly, you have to consider how you will compose your exposition. I have had some great involvement in plunking down and composing my notes first and afterward assessing them. This is an extraordinary spot to do some composing a performance center tips. After you have a draft, and you have discovered the subject, you can move onto the composing your article part.Hopefully, at this point you recognize what sort of composing an auditorium exposition requires. Discover your theme, pick an arrangement, and pull out all the stops. Simply make certain to have some thought of how to compose a performance center paper, and you will be fine.

Explore the Different Gilman Scholarship Essay Samples Online

Explore the Different Gilman Scholarship Essay Samples OnlineThe Gilman Scholarship essay samples are a boon to students in their quest for the prestigious college. They come with not only the elementary but also the advanced essay writing, which can help the aspiring students in improving their writing skills and comprehension. The Gilman scholarship samples are written in the simplest terms and make the task of composition quite easy.You can view the different Gilman essay samples on the internet as they are available free. But the best way to check the quality of the essays is to read the reviews and feedback of the writers. This is because it will be quite hard to compare the talent of two individuals.It is interesting to note that the writers who enjoy the fame are also those who are mostly engaged in the field of writing and do not have any connection with the academic community. So, the writers are just ordinary people like you and me. The impressive thing about the writers is that they understand the need for many words and so they use them in a way which adds a charm to the whole story.Gilman scholarship essay samples are the ones who take the responsibility of making sure that every syllabus which comes for the study of the students is made easily understandable by the students. It is because when we need something, we simply use a dictionary to search for it. Gilman scholarship essay samples make sure that students get the information they need easily and quickly.A writer does not only have to write the book or essay; he can also benefit from the writers' association to acquire the desired benefit of such advantage. The Gilman Scholarship Essay samples to give you an overview of the different things which are involved in the composition of a thesis. The essay has to be easy to understand, short and informative.It is interesting to note that the number of students taking up the courses in such numerous schools has reduced significantly over the years. The schools have realized the problem and have thought of various ways of wooing back the student. It has been found that the writers, who can compose well and who have great attention to detail are the ones who pay the price for the course and thereby emerge as the winners.Gilman scholarship essay samples make sure that the students understand how to compose their thesis. They do not only require grammar and spelling, but they require aptitude and focus. If you choose to write the essay for the Gilman Scholarship, you are required to ensure that you come up with the most concise and accurate essay.The writers who submit essays for the Gilman scholarship not only enjoy the prestige but are able to impart some valuable knowledge. Students who want to come up with essays which are worth reading can avail of the online essay writing facility. All the writers have also been asked to consider the inclusion of relevant images in the text.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Unique Elements Within Dickinson s Poetry - 1188 Words

Jordan Peterson Professor Amanda Walter AML 2010 08 April 2015 Unique Elements within DickinsonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Poetry Emily Dickinson is considered to be one of the most popular and prolific poets of her time period. Dickinson had a unique style of writing which pulled in influence from both the Romantic and Realist periods. DickinsonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s style of writing had many elements, such as imagery and advanced vocabulary, which helped differentiate herself from other poets. Dickinson also explored a wide range of subjects throughout her poetry, mainly writing about religion, death, and the mind (Emily Dickinson 1659). These subjects were often referred to through the use of stylistic techniques and figures of speech like metaphors and similes. These characteristics of DickinsonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s poetry have made her one of the most influential poets of all time. Not only is Dickinson influential because of her writing style, but she is also influential because people are fascinated by her isolation and withdrawal from society (Cull 38). Before dissecting Dickinso nÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s poetry, there is necessary information about her life that needs to be known. Throughout her life, Dickinson was a very isolated and reclusive person. According to Janet Gray, she Ã¢â‚¬Å"no longer attended church, stopped visiting friends and relatives, and eventually refused to see people in her home.Ã¢â‚¬ In fact, she only associated with a small group of select friends and family members (Cull 38). This reclusiveness had a large effect on her poetry,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Writing1953 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pagesamong those that truly comprehend the power within words and use that knowledge to their benefit. They also understand that the systemically structured aspects of the language go hand in hand with the actual wording to create the desired message. Images, messages, and the creation of worlds depend on the writerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability to make the correct word choice that would compel the reader to follow their logic and truly see what was being prese nted. Emily Dickinson, an American Writer, was well versed in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poem The Poetries Of Emily Essay1414 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesThe poetries of Emily Dickinson has intrigued and enthralled many people after her death in 1886. Dickinson is known for leading a mainly reclusive and introverted existence in most of her life, exploring her own world of emotions and feelings through her poetry. DickinsonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s poetry reflects her loneliness and the speaker of her poems generally live in a state of want, but her poems are also marked by the intimate recollection of inspirational moments which are decidedly life giving and suggests theRead MoreEssay on Emily Dickinsons Works2525 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"Many students and casual readers of her poetry have enjoyed hearing tales about her which remind them of storybook heroines locked in castles, of beautiful maidens cruelty relegated to a life of drudgery and obscurity, of genius so great that all the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s suppression cannot deny its flowering.Ã¢â‚¬ 1 Many researchers ignore the bases of her writings, her life, and her dreams. Fascinated by many works examining the life and writings of Emily Dickinson, some may find that DickinsonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s trials atRead MoreEssay about Emily Dickinsons God3044 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 13 PagesEmily Dickinsons God Works Cited Not Included God, to Emily Dickinson, is seen in more than a church or a cathedral. God is seen in her poems in relationship to such themes as nature and the individual existence. These thematic ties are seen in such poems as It might be lonelier, and Some keep the Sabbath going to church. Some keep the Sabbath going to Church consists of the differences that exist between Dickinsons way of being close to God and many otherRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesLetter which was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels as well. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a very successful writer, his writing consists of many elements like abnormal psychology, dreams, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit disorder he also incorporated a lot of romantic details within his writings. Sigmund Freud is a writer that is very similar to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, which is now known as the Czech RepublicRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paperRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 64 Pagesbelief of an afterlife is acknowledged by the author himself. Works Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum Reply 3. [pic]bentedjoe says: July 13, 2011 at 8:39 pm Emily Dickinson was quiet fond of writing about death in her poetry, and in this particular piece the poem as a whole represents the appreciation of life. DickinsonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s poem deals with how death isnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t something to fear, though a person should fear the neglecting of life that they embody themselvesRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 47 PagesChristian utopia Genre/Style: Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · Ã¯â€š · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reasonRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 70 Pagescontemporary touch with the coming of Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R.K.Narayan. The social disparity of India which was aptly described by Mulk Raj Anand in his Coolie, the imaginary village life with its entire unedited realities in R.K. Narayan`s Malgudi Days and last but not the least the aura of Gandhism depicted by Raja Rao in his remarkable novel Kanthapura portrayed a whole new India. The need of the `foreigners` depicting India amidst their write ups was not needed as Indians wantedRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 116 Pagesclose examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The readerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. ThatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s why one cannot lay down a fixed Ã¢â‚¬Å"modelÃ¢â‚¬ for a piece of critical appreciation. Nevertheless, one can give information and suggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Operational Management for Finance and Marketing - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOperational Management for Finance and Marketing. Answer: Introduction Operational Management is one of the fundamental parts of an organization. It plays an important role in gaining success. This area of management is concerned with creation of goods and services for the company. Operational management is important for all type of business organizations ranging from manufacturing to retailing. Operations include all those activities that are requiring creating and delivering a product or a service from procurement till its distribution. Operational management is one of the parts of three basic functions in an organization (Finance, marketing and operations) (Heizer Barry, 2013). The operational activities go in an organization regardless of the end of a good or service. Operation activities include product creation, development, production and distribution, managing purchases, inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluations of processes. Both manufacturing and service organization requires an efficient operational management (Slack, 2015). Importance of Operational Management Operational management has gained importance in the recent times due to public awareness of Japanese manufacturing units. Many business organizations have now realized the importance of operational management in an organization. In order to compete effectively on the global platform it is necessary to develop an effective operational strategy to support the mission of the organization (Russell Taylor-Iii, 2008). Managing the operations is related to choosing a right process. Running a business process requires a great degree of integration of resources at the right place. Time and cost related to the production is important in managing the resources. The secret of success lies in creating a robust competitive advantage that has its roots in the overall process. The overall process and the use of resources are important for a business organization in creating value. This can only be attained through an efficient operation management. Toyota Motors is known for continuous improvement in the process by delivering right quality automobiles. The company has been giving emphasis on the operation management (Sousa Voss, 2008). Operation management acts as a supplement all other activities in an organization. The research and development in an organization is necessary for developing a product. It is the basic need of the customer that has enough potential to be served. The finance department in an organization is concerned with management of cost and makes forecast about the different cost attached (Fixed, variable and overhead). The human resource department has to recruit the most efficient person with an appropriate set of skills. Similarly, the operational department has to integrate all the function in the organization. They have to make the product according to the given specifications. Operational department has to work according to the given budget by utilizing the best capacity (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). Objective of Operation Management The two primary objectives of operation management are customer services and resource utilization. The main objective of any company at the end of the day is to have a satisfied customer. The operation management has to make sure that the customers are satisfied. The needs and the demands of the customers need to be satisfied by using the resources efficiently (Hill Hill, 2012). In case if the resources are not been utilized carefully the purpose of the organization will not be met. The resources on the other hand need to be used more efficiently. The overall purpose is to minimize the excess cost that is related to a product. Both the objectives of the organization need to be met more efficiently. These two factors are complementary in nature and benefit the organization in many ways. The primary objective of IKEA is to ensure that the quality norms are used in all the operations (Cachon Terwiesch, 2009). Key Issues As and when an organization develops, it has to plan and make strategies in order to deal with different opportunities and challenges. There is a necessity to develop an efficient system that is capable of producing quality services. This helps in meeting demands within the given time frame. Globalization Operation manager across world are facing competition from the companies. The companies operating overseas have to improve quality. This creates a problem for the operation manager to work on both the factors simultaneously. They have a duty to serve good products with better quality at a competitive price. The operation management process can only attain significant result if they understand the international trend of conducting business (Reid Sanders, 2010). Sustainability It is a process that helps in evaluating the longevity of a business. The three pillar of sustainability includes social, environmental and economic factors. The operating manager needs to make proper concern regarding these three pillars including the work safety of the workers, community welfare, economic and environment sustainability (Mahadevan, 2015). This is important for the manager to implement best practices into operations so that the goals can be achieved. There is a necessity to make an initiative through corrective measure by considering all the three factors into practice. Ethical Conduct Ethics play an important role in managing the organization. It is meant to ensure that the production function and activities are not damaging the customer and the society. It is important for the business to be ethical in conducting all the business practice unethical business practice followed by the business organization can damage the organization. The recently noted fraud in Wells Fargo is an example of unethical behavior. This kind of operation has a potential to damage the organization for a long run (What are the 5 Current Challenges of Operations Management? 2016). Effective Communication It is important for an organization to develop effective communication strategies at each level. The operation manager faces challenges in managing the communication in an effective way. Effective and efficient communication is one of the integral parts in an organization that is important for developing morale in order to initiate further. Operation manager need to think about different process to strengthen the overall process of communication. There is a necessity to develop the skills so that the end results can be attained in a better way. Development of the effective communication strategies will allow business organization will allow in gaining effective market position. Designing the System One of the most critical parts in operational management is designing the system. Product development includes determining the characteristics and features. This begins with the assessment of customer needs and grows into a detailed product. The information system bused need to be controlled throughout the process. The manufacturing decision related to the process is the integral part of an organization. The structural decisions need to be taken by the operations manager that has a great impact on the operations success. Product designing is a critical part that determines the characteristics of a product. It helps in determining products cost and quality. They are the important factors that help customers in making purchase decision (Operations Manaagement, 2017). The scale economy or business components that are involved in the process makes the organization workforce more effective. There is a necessity to determine whether the demand for a product is large enough to justify the mass production or if there is sufficient demand in consumer group. If the demand for a product is so small or seasonal it cannot support production facility. Responsibilities of Operation Manager Operation mange is the one who has a duty to look after all the operations. He has to evaluate all the operations based on the input from the overall objective of the organization. No process can be done without an effective business plan. There are two set of responsibilities in the hands of the operational manager. Firstly he has to make sure that the process and operations are been used efficiently and are performed at a commendable level. Secondly he has to see that the end of this process should create a path for all the activities. In case if any of the internal operation fails it is has duty to find out an effective plan to attain effective plan. Every operation manager has to make decisions related to different business operations. Hence it is important for his part to follow the changing trends in the organization. Every operation manger has certain ser of budget that he has to follow in order to gain objectives (Walters Rainbird, 2007). Conclusion The belief of the people rests with the strategic planning. The role of the operation manager should not be neglected in the competitive business environment. As the business environment is getting more challenging it is important for an individual to take effective measures t gain efficiencies. The report provides an insight into the key challenging factors and importance of Operation management in an organization. . The overall process and the use of resources are important for a business organization in creating value. References Cachon, G., Terwiesch, C. (2009).Matching supply with demand(Vol. 2). Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Heizer, R., Barry, R. (2013).Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Hill, A., Hill, T. (2012).Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013).Operations management: Processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York: Pearson. Mahadevan, B. (2015).Operations management: Theory and practice. Pearson Education India. Operations Manaagement,(2017).Online. Retrieved from: https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/operations-management.html (Accessed on: 24 May 2017) Reid, R. D., Sanders, N. R. (2010).Operations management: an integrated approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Russell, R. S., Taylor-Iii, B. W. (2008).Operations management along the supply chain. John Wiley Sons. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Sousa, R., Voss, C. A. (2008). Contingency research in operations management practices.Journal of Operations Management,26(6), 697-713. Walters, D., Rainbird, M. (2007).Strategic operations management: A value chain approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. What are the 5 Current Challenges of Operations Management?.(2016). Online. Retrieved from: https://online.kettering.edu/news/2016/10/18/what-are-5-current-challenges-operations-management (Accessed on: 24 May 2017)